How does this statement relate to why human beings seek knowledge? Those who are affectively motivated to form beliefs independent of conceptual coherence will have little motivation to revise those beliefs in light of new ideas that could increase coherence. The philosophical principles lying inside quantum physics and Heisenbergs indeterminacy principle are proofs that what was traditionally called objectivity in the sciences is no longer possible. Object 1: Heliocentrism theory changed how people perceive the universe. An explanation is a rendering or handing over of an account of things. You might begin by examining how the word values is itself an example of the great change that occurred during that period we call the Renaissance when human beings became the centre of the things that are, with the consequence that we have the rise of the age of humanism. The providing ofsufficient reasons is what we consider to be a good justification for a claim. what counts as good evidence. a cause-effect relation. As you know, you need to choose one of the 35 IA prompts to base your exhibition on. OT2: Knowledge and Technology. Admittedly, our mathematical formulas no longer picture nature but merely represent our own grasp of nature. The essence of human beings is reason. They are considered experts because they have that knowledge by acquaintance with the subject matter upon which they speak. (See particularly the comments by Heisenberg in the blogs on The Natural Sciences.). It is the act of creating an output, a good or service which has value and contributes to the utility of individuals. Wikipedia. OT 2: Language and Knowledge. Our common understanding of values is one hazily arrived at and derived from what Aristotle called The Ethics and, for Aristotle, these had to do with the actions of human beings in defining and achieving their ends, their desires and goals. Listen closely to your conversations among yourselves. Plato and Aristotle called these expertssophists. When the reason for the connection of the representations has been directed back to the I, what is represented first comes to a stand such that it is securely established as an object for the representing subject. What is a sufficient reason? Arts purpose is to change the manner in which we see or view the world. We do not acquire what can be called objective knowledge of nature as that was traditionally understood. Inquiries regarding such beliefs are what are called second order questions. Your Exhibition is a rendering that is handed over to others i.e. It is what you are doing in your Exhibition which we can say is an event. His original term was areteor what we have translated as virtue, and knowing oneself was to have knowledge of ones possibilities and potentialities. Until they become a thing, they are not knowable. While most of the sufficient reasons are supplied through logic and logistics in mathematical calculations, examples for this calculating reasoning may be taken from almost anywhere and it will be your task to show their relationship to each other in making the assertions you will make regarding the three images or objects that you have chosen. To what extent is certainty attainable? To that extent, we have renounced the type of description of nature that was customary for centuries and that had been valid as the self-evident goal of all exact natural science. It is through research that we believe we can uncover that which has been hidden. Any image of medicinal healing of any type can answer the questions of for whom (human beings) and for what purposes (health) because health is determined to be a good end or purpose and it has value for us. For more on the way of knowing involved in techne see the following links: Teacher It is based upon the need to provide sufficient reasons (evidence) for the reality of the beings that are. She does not have the power within herself to restore health itself, but she can establish the conditions where nature restores the health required for the patient i.e. Representation is to present some thing, to make something present to humans. These second-order claims are justified using the principle of sufficient reason which usually involves an examination of the nature of the knowledge that you are investigating and the nature of the tools that are used to produce or acquire such knowledge. A world-picture is usually associated with science or a science (the mechanistic world-picture, the physicists world-picture, the chemists world-picture, etc. Obviously, the societies of which we are members determine what knowledge is and what types of knowledge will be considered valuable. The what and the how of the object is already pre-determined and the inquiry is to find an understanding of the why. The greatest constraint placed upon the pursuit of knowledge is that which is imposed by the principle of reason: nihil est sine ratione: nothing is without (a) reason. Such a lack of knowledge is not crucial to our well-being or survival. When one reads modern essays, doctoral theses, and other research in most areas of knowledge, one finds that there are no references from, say, before 1980 in the research. You are required to choose one prompt from the list below, and it must be exactly from this list and you cannot change the wording. We get together and discuss TOK Exhibition Prompt 11: Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? Reasons must be rendered to human beings who determine objects as objects by way of a representation that judges. 16. OT2: Knowledge and Technology. It is concerned with the propernaming of the things. 25. Plato examines the relation of the body to the soul under the themes of illness and deformity in his dialogue Sophist. In todays philosophical language this interpretative method is called hermeneutics, and it derives its authority from the premise that all knowledge is historical i.e. On a shop which sells Antique Hand Bags near here is a sign which reads: The Shop is not Open because it is Closed. What challenges are raised by the dissemination and/or communication of knowledge? In logic, the word correctnessis lack of contradiction, consistency. what will be claimed and becomes knowledge. 11. But the end for the Greeks was to demonstrate why their trust was an appropriate response to the things that are and this trust overcame the doubt and skepticism that initiated their search for knowledge. However, it does not supply a sufficient reason for the shops being closed. Such a lack of knowledge is not crucial to our well-being or survival. Both Mary Shelleys novelFrankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus and Ridley Scotts film Prometheus are warnings of the implications of seeking some kinds of knowledge without considering the ends of such knowledge. For the interpretation of a result as a result is conducted with the help of the principle (the principle of reason, for instance), presupposed, but not grounded. is. 31. A question has arisen regarding the idea of added value in comment #2. It was the Greek fundamental experience of the being of beings which underlay, and gave rise to, both the subject-predicate form of their language (and, thus, our English language) and their conception of a thing as a subject (subjectum) with accidents (qualities, what we experience of the thing through sensory perception). A discussion of what values and beliefs are might be demonstrated and you might find this link helpful. OT 2: Language and Knowledge. Only the completeness of the account, perfection, provides the evidence for the fact that every cognition everywhere and at all times can include and count on the objects and reckon with them. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? After having fought a Revolutionary War to replace someone who they believed was a tyrant (King George III), he claims that the USAs founding fathers wished to replace one form of tyranny with another. For example, if we want our automobiles to perform at optimum efficiency, we are obliged, we owe it to the automobiles to maintain them properly. For the German philosopher Leibniz, a truth is a verifiable proposition, a correct judgement. Clearly, not knowing how a hand phone works is not an indication of madness on our part, but then what is the knowledge that is being spoken about by Socrates? Once again remember that technology is the theory not merely the instruments that technology has produced i.e. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs?. You also create a document with the title of your IA prompt, images of the three objects, and you will also provide a commentary on each object that identifies each object and its specific real-world context. We believe that a truth is only a truth if a reason can be rendered for it. The demands of the principle of rendering sufficient reasons creates the lack of clarity and confusion in our actions, our ethics. These are subsets of the political in its essence. isabellas brunch menu . The features or characteristics of that knowledge which can be relied upon are those that provide surety and certainty. Perhaps the greatest challenge you will face is that the total word count for this document is 950 words (excluding references). The author Experts help the societies of which they are members determine what is best to know within that society. values or beliefs? AnywayToday Im joined by Theatre Teacher, Bob Scheer. This is just an example of the extraordinary changes in meaning that words have through the centuries and should serve as a warning. fides} is the affirmation of, or conviction regarding, the truth of a proposition, whether or not one is in possession of evidence adequate to justify a claim that the proposition is known with certainty (the principle of sufficient reason). Einstein, for example, has been quite clear that it was not reason only that brought about his theory of relativity but that imagination played a great part in its final coming-to-be. Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? There is no medieval world-picture: human beings are assigned their place by God in His created order. This research has different methodologies in the different areas of knowledge, and these methods of disinterring the truth are all pre-determined by the view of the past as an object of study. Now they are contrasted with mere observation and description, guided by no mathematical anticipation. We wish to possess knowledge that is beyond any doubt.The techneof both the engineers who designed the snow tire and of the surgeon who will perform the surgery are features of the kind of knowledge that we rely on when we have a desired end in view, be it our own safety while driving on the road or our own health. and For what purpose? It could be said, in contrast to Heisenberg, that even high-tech disposable things. Plato sees the illness and ugliness of the soul as requiring a catharsis or purification. According to Wikipedia, a good explanation is a set of statements usually constructed to describe a set of interpreted facts which clarifies the causes, context, and consequences of those interpreted facts. This description of the facts etc. In responses to the other prompts, the interpretations of the key concepts in those prompts suggest that not only is objectivity possible, it is our way of being-in-the-world, for it is through our perceptions of things that we turn everything into an object; and it is only by being an object that we can begin any discussion of them and, thus, acquire any knowledge of them. Human beings becoming a subjectum is to be found in the thinking of Descartes. It is obvious that such seeing of possibilities and potentialities is dependent upon the techneof the technological viewing and those who proceed with unethical actions will do so because they believe some personal end which will bring about their own personal eudaimoniaor happiness will be the result, and they will do so under a sense of duty or be just following the orders of their superiors. View all posts by theoryofknowledgeanalternativeapproach. 13. While this prompt seems to suggest that the application of the knowledge brought forth from the technological world-view, which is the enjoining of the arts and the sciences, is somehow an individual event, there is an implication in the prompt that imagination does not, of itself, bring forth or produce knowledge about our being-in-the-world but plays a role along with other actors in bringing forth that knowledge. Such a precedence was not present in the early Greek understanding of truth and, subsequently, what we understand as knowledge is not how the Greeks understood knowledge. Opinion regards those things that can be otherwise and that is why it can be true or false. The a priori and its priority will be interpreted by you in accordance with your conception of the thinghood of the things or images you have chosen and your understanding of the being of beings or things in general. However, such knowledge has also brought about many ills and challenges that we are now trying to overcome and must overcome if we are to sustain life on this planet. This evidence or explanation will find its grounds in the principle of sufficient reason. We may gain our knowledge from parents, peers, teachers or others with whom we come in contact, but this knowledge must be made our own. New knowledge can't override the old. OT 3: Knowledge and Politics Part 1. Part IX: Darwin/Nietzsche: Otherness, Owingness, And Nihilism: Nietzsche/Darwin Part VIII: Truth as Justice: 28. it is the point of something, the purpose or end goal of something from which we can add up the parts to make a whole. The human soul, according to Plato, is in a state of ignorance but it strives to overcome this ignorance and become beautiful. Bookmark. Historicism denies this truth and it asserts that there is no truth outside of the historical contexts from which it has been produced. The Greeks had a saying: The future comes to meet us from behind and it is this future that is encapsulated in the historical development of the knowledge that preceded it. What this question is asking is can the knowledge that we learned changed beliefs or values that we were taught by our guardians since we were born in other words, the knowledge that we grew up on. It is the system that makes information possible. The ethical obligation is our actions and reflections on the things that are. Turns out the most interesting topics to those around me are not necessarily in the order the IB has given them. The difference between one concept of greatness and another is not, however, a quantitative, but also a qualitative difference. Our delimitations and definitions of the things are arrived at prior to their placement in various domains of knowledge and these horizons of the things are arrived at through the use of the principle of reason in our cognitions. True education is the leading out and a liberation towards seeing revealed truth. A specific discussion of the computer as an example can be found at this link: https://mytok.blog/2017/07/29/technology-as-a-way-of-knowing-computers/. Dialectic is discussion conducted in friendship, among two or three, whereas the logosof the disseminator of knowledge is directed towards the multitude, the many. Prompt 11: Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs?I know this will likely bother anyone who is interested in order and logic, but I've decided to break the order of prompts so I can publish them as I record them. The seeing is not based on science as the seeing is outside the purview of science. 7. atoms or historical figures, varies with our prior conception of their being. All producing is based on a disclosive looking i.e. One may wish to take the journey down the path which discusses techne as that type of knowledge which is in another and for another and provide examples of various products of human endeavours that provide human beings with some good end or usefulness. 4. We do not have certainty regarding our knowledge of nature, but we do have dependability and we can count on the results we achieve through our inquiring and experimentation. Ours has been an age of progress in that the knowledge that has been produced from the technological viewing of the world has brought about many benefits. 9. A world-picture is usually a theoretical view of the external world, while a world-view is essentially a view of life, a view of our position and place in the world and how we should act (our lifestyle and the ethics that arise from that lifestyle). To manage the world as picture we need to think in terms of quantity and measurement, the calculable. There is no ancient or medieval system, an essential requirement for the reduction of the world to a picture. 33. Reasons must be rendered or handed over for the things which first give themselves to us. World-view comes from the German Weltanschauung which is formed from Welt, world, and Anschauung, view, etc., and means view of, outlook on, the world. What is essential is not mere ignorance, mere unfamiliarity, but a presumption of knowledge. When we ask what counts as knowledge, the language of the question should surprise us. An adequate or good explanation usually suffices to end the ire of that tyrant that calls himself/herself a teacher! We can look at our recovery from various illnesses to see improvements in health care and in the treatment of various diseases. What is considered unknowable is where the search for knowledge begins so that they can become known; but notice that they will become known as things. It is very important that your exhibition is based on one of the prescribed prompts. Ethical obligations were called rendering what was due to some thing or another. What counts as good evidence for a knowledge claim is demonstrated by the manner in which that claim is grounded i.e. In Latin, this account is ratio:the ground of the truth of judgement isratio. The Greeks, for example, did not have any values and the closest approximation we have to describe this situation is what the Greeks understood by virtue. Modern machine technology looks to science, to scientific, empirical, practical, reliable, proven facts and is not guided by murky theory. Does some knowledge belong only to particular communities of knowers? We go to something to see (perhaps with artificial aids such as microscopes) what happens to it under varying conditions, either waiting for the new conditions to arise or intervening to produce them. The counting on and relying on are the metaphysics that undergird what is the essence of technology as it is defined in these writings. . A discussion of the various types of knowledge is given here: https://wordpress.com/block-editor/post/mytok.blog/3676. Whenever we speak of the production of knowledge, we are speaking of the bringing forth of what was once hidden into presence so that we may see it face to face. Darwin and Nietzsche: Part V: The World as Life and Becoming: Darwin and Nietzsche: Part VI: What is Practical Need? It is the Greek fundamental experience of the being of beings, which underlay, and gave rise to, both the subject-predicate form of their language and their conception of a thing as a subject with accidents. Certainly the greatest change in our human being-in-the-world occurs due to our change in our relationship to Nature. why must a reason be explicitly brought forward i.e. This is why works of art are turned into things nowadays so that something may be said about them as to what they are and what they may mean.What is unknowable is not a thing. The students asked questions like 'What is the relationship between knowledge and culture?' or 'Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs?'. Technology is our understanding of what it means to be, the way we understand what it takes for something, anything, to be. https://wordpress.com/block-editor/post/mytok.blog/3676, https://mytok.blog/2019/11/30/ct-1-perspectives-woks/. Adherents of the same world-picture may hold different world-views and enter into conflict employing the weapons supplied by their common world-picture. What counts as a good justification for a claim? Technology is a seeing rather than a doing and its realm is truth not instrumentality, knowledge of Being rather than the manufacture of artifacts. can new knowledge change established values or beliefs objects. Technology, understood as instrumentality, is a matter of ends and means. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? When we consider our world and the beings in it as objects we, too, experience the disappearance of otherness for it is our cognition which makes or creates those things that we consider beings in our world and the things themselves lack any kind of independent status. In connection with the historical development of natural science, things become objects through reason; they become material, and a point of mass in motion in space and time and the methodology used pursues the calculation of these various points. If one follows through on this distinction between ignorance and madness, one can see that a great deal of madness is prevalent today in advanced societies. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators . It is through the original unconcealment of things which allows us to do anything whatsoever: in order for us to do anything, to act upon anything, to stand in relation to any being, it must have been disclosed to us in advance what a being is in general. Does our knowledge depend on our interactions with other knowers? In order to put these questions to the things, the things must already be present and be presented to us in some way. We call them universities but this is a misnomer. 21. I dont understand the link. This calculus also determines how we view a work of art and gives rise simultaneously, during the 17th and 18th centuries, to the theory of aesthetics, how we view, define and subsequently speak about art and beauty. One cannot say that Galileos doctrine of the free fall of bodies is true and that of Aristotle, who holds that light bodies strive upwards, is false; for the Greek conception of the essence of body, of place, and of their relationship depends on a different interpretation of beings and therefore engenders a different way of seeing and examining natural processes. The mystery of the principle of reason is what has come to define human beings as the animal rationale. Correctness as free from contradiction and being consistent is called formal truth, not related to the content of beings in distinction from the material truth of content. What we call knowledge involves truth and judgement. Thus, the choices of image or objects for this prompt, and the conclusions to be arrived at, are almost unlimited. The IB is one such community. The tools are antecedent to our viewing of the world as technological and they can only produce or allow us to acquire what is called knowledge in a pre-determined manner, a manner which produced the tools themselves in the first place. This fundamental experience of how things are comes to determine for us the manner in which we look at and experience the things we encounter here in the modern age. If you should chose this prompt, the manner in which you establish the relations that you believe exist between the three objects you have chosen will require the need to provide evidence for that relation. Useful to/for whom? It becomes something subjective. image/object #1 is like or as image/object #2, and so on. It may be useful to you to determine which prompts belong to the same sub-group in terms of their main theme. The Greek polis is not properly understood as a culture, and we do not translate Platos Republic, for instance, as Platos Culture, yet the discussions in that dialogue are what we would understand as culture. The output that is looked for has already been pre-determined prior to the making or creation. This is what you are doing with the images and objects of your Exhibition. It is this gap in our knowledge of what is our own and what is not that is a great mystery for us if we give thought to it. The political as understood here is not what we commonly think of as political parties etc. An account is an account only if it is handed over. Our science as the theory of the real is just such a belief. What counts in a project is more like a decision than a discovery; it cannot be correct or incorrect: correctness, and criteria for it, only apply within the light shed by the project i.e. You might wish to consider how IT managers and creators mold our acquisition of knowledge by how they portray information as knowledge and how our language is being formed and manipulated by what is considered knowledge through this technology of the helmsmen. This is called perfection. That human beings exist: this is a priori for all knowledge, including the knowledge you will uncover in your Exhibition. Human being projects itself in its own project. 2, AOK: Individuals and Societies: Supplementary Notes, AOK History: Thoughts on Systemic Racism in North America, https://open.spotify.com/show/1qLxnSGpz4EeLeWZqjXmwt, A Reading of William Blakes The Tyger: Technology as Knowing and Making, Deconstructing the November 2018 Prescribed Titles for TOK Essays, TOK: Deconstructing the November 2017 Titles, It is a logical relation between two propositions that fails to hold only if the first is true and the second is false; or it can be, Not having a complete personal knowledge of how the computer or hand phone functions is not really necessary unless they do not work and we must consult the experts to find out what has gone wrong. One of the obvious challenges in communicating and disseminating knowledge is translation. An examination of what we understand as History can occur here. Theory of Knowledge: An Alternative Approach. Subjectivity, according to Kant, is the lawfulness of reasons which provide the possibility of an object. The soul, when properly ordered, is given to us by Socrates in his prayer to Pan at the end of the dialogue Phaedrus: O dear Pan and all you gods here, grant it to me to become beautiful, to come into the correct condition in relation to what is in myself, what comes from inside, and grant that whatever I possess on the outside may be a friend to what is inner, and grant that I repute as rich the one who is wise, and grant that to me the amount of gold I possess in this world will have as much value for me and that I will claim for it only as much value as a man of understanding should claim.Socrates prayer is that his soul will become beautiful, and this means having its proper relation to the things themselves and for their correct limits; nothing in excess. minds. OMG! Our word monster finds its root inmonere or warning. I, for example, havent got a clue what is going on in the fashion arts. In your analysis of your chosen prompt, you need to determine whether or not it is a first-order question and therefore a description or explanation, or whether or not it is a second order question and therefore involves the nature of knowledge, the type of knowledge involved, and how we know. Thus we resigned ourselves to the new situation the moment we could make dependable predictions. Works of art, poems, and tragedies are all perceived as things, and the manner of our questioning about them is done through research, the calculation that determines why the things/the works are as they are through historical studies. Diaeresis is the separation that allows something to be set in relief, juxtaposed and thus brought forward, a setting off and distinguishing of something from something else. It can only be eliminated through the mode of speaking with one another and to one another. Neither of these two AOKs are systems in the true understanding of that word and are rather interpretations of what Westerners see and how they account for the beings as a whole and for their understanding of those beings.
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