To feed the growing industrial centers of the Soviet Union, the entire grain harvest of 1933 was confiscated, leaving local peasant populations with almost nothing to feed themselves. In other words, a ridiculous idea with no basis in rational thought was undertaken and executed with brilliant and systematic precision. The discussion concludes that the Bantu phenomenon is best understood as a colonisation, migration, expansion, dispersal, or diffusion. Michael C. Campbell and Sarah A. Tishkoff, "The Evolution of Human Genetic and Phenotypic Variation in Africa,", "Genetic and Demographic Implications of the Bantu Expansion: Insights from Human Paternal Lineages", "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans", "On the edge of Bantu expansions: MtDNA, Y chromosome and lactase persistence genetic variation in southwestern Angola", "Y-chromosomal variation in sub-Saharan Africa: Insights into the history of NigerCongo groups", "Phylogeographic analysis of the Bantu language expansion supports a rainforest route", "Early migrations into East Africa | Enzi", "Inferring the Demographic History of African Farmers and Pygmy HunterGatherers Using a Multilocus Resequencing Data Set", "Cultural phylogeography of the Bantu Languages of sub-Saharan Africa", "Bringing together linguistic and genetic evidence to test the Bantu expansion", "Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals", "Bantu Language Trees Reflect the Spread of Farming across Sub-Saharan Africa: A Maximum-Parsimony Analysis", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bantu_expansion&oldid=1142078895, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2022, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2015, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 11:21. Guerrilla warfare played a huge role in World War II. The Bantu languages, a closely-knit family of 440 to 680 languages (depending on how one distinguishes between a language and a dialect), are spoken across the southern third of the African continent, from the boundary between modern day Nigeria and Cameroon in the west, to southern Somali in the east, and as far south as the Cape. Another stream of migration, having moved east by 3,000 years ago (1000BC), was creating a major new population center near the Great Lakes of East Africa, where a rich environment supported a dense population. The military government solicited the aid of the United States, and a heavy-handed US response included a massive bombing during 1973, killing some 300,000 people. The military government solicited the aid of the United States, and a heavy-handed US response included a massive bombing during 1973, killing some 300,000 people. Thus they will have a small pool of their specific Y-DNA just by the numbers. The root of the verb tends to remain unchanged, with either particles or auxiliary verbs expressing tenses and moods. 277.Google Scholar, 20 Oliver, R., Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840, in R. Oliver and G. Mathew, History of East Africa, I (1963), 194204.Google Scholar, 21 The position in April 1965 was summarized by Dr Brian Fagan in an unpublished paper entitled Iron Age radiocarbon dates in sub-Saharan Africa, presented to the African History Seminar at the School of Oriental and African Studies.Google Scholar, 22 Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa, 949.Google Scholar. The Khmer Rouge regime was characterized by extreme and indiscriminate brutality. Yeah, Bantu expanded around 1500 years or so and did a little genociding of the Khoisans and pygmies in the area. Unfortunately, it is also greatly understudied and often unknown to history enthusiasts. From what ik the bantu expansion is that it was a migration of people over a long period of time that did result in some cases as conflict but not wholesale coordinated genocide, in the most cases communties assimilated and mixed into each other and not some mass replacement and removal. [19] Many Batwa groups speak Bantu languages; however, a considerable portion of their vocabulary is not Bantu in origin. The Bantu people wielded significant influence and undoubtedly dominated every area they settled in. Perhaps, instead of asking how, the question why might be better suited to this format. Fearing similar Allied manipulation of traditional Armenian hostility, the Turkish Armenian population found itself the subject of an extermination policy. The Nazi extermination of the Jews, on the other hand, was strictly ideological and remained so until its conclusion. This response quickly escalated to orchestrated genocide, and was extended beyond the Herero to the neighboring Namaqua people, who were of Khoisan origin, and the San, or Bushmen as well. Accompanying charcoal carbon-dated to 266 s.c. 120. Perhaps, instead of asking how, the question why might be better suited to this format. Almost immediately, as British officials handed over, Hindus in India began attacking and killing Muslims, and in Pakistan, vice versa. [42][43], Manfred K. H. Eggert stated that "the current archaeological record in the Central African rainforest is extremely spotty and consequently far from convincing so as to be taken as a reflection of a steady influx of Bantu speakers into the forest, let alone movement on a larger scale."[44]. From Australia, we move to Africa, and a slightly different take on genocide. No it is a white supremacist talking point that doesn't make a lot of sense. Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. The Khoisan and Pygmies live in Southern and Central Africa, respectively. Press J to jump to the feed. When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. The Allies, as a tactic of war, exploited traditional tensions within Ottoman territories to weaken the Empire. Needless to say, there are passionate advocates on both sides of the argument; and certainly a fractious, and historically difficult relationship between Dublin and London is not improved in the slightest by the discussion. It was one of Africa's oldest iron-smelting centres. Millions? Most of these treaties implied imperial protection in exchange for land rights. The impact of the Bantu Expansion has stood the test of time it continues to influence the demographics, language, and culture of the continent today. As usual, the argument is one of semantics. You do not currently have access to this chapter. India and Pakistan would be separated, with what is today Bangladesh part of mainland Pakistan. In many ways, it defined the British Empire. Others reached South Africa by 500CE and mixed with the native Khoisan-speaking people, contributing to the countrys vast diversity today. The date is contested, but most historians agree the Bantu Expansion began around 1500BCE. Proto-Bantu speakers, a linguistic branch of the Niger-Congo language family, were concentrated in the region between modern-day Cameroon and Nigeria in West Africa. Herding practices reached the far south several centuries before Bantu-speaking migrants did. Cities were emptied out, and anyone conforming to this broad definition of the enemy was consigned to labor camps in the countryside. To date, Turkey remains in denial, and the word genocide is excluded from the official description of what took place. Roberts, A. D. The Partition of India is such a case, and while Hindu/Muslim sectarianism lies at the heart of the debate, there is also the question of whether the British washed their hands of India, and walked away knowing that genocide was inevitable. Linguists, classifying the languages and creating a genealogical table of relationships, believed they could reconstruct material culture elements. Shibboleth / Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institutions website and Oxford Academic. The problem lay in a historical predominance of Muslims within the Indian political process. If he was, it might make it easier to explain. For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. One of the many ways used by white supremacists and apologists to legitimize colonialism of the African continent & genocide of its people. Here, conditions of physical abuse, disease, exhaustion, and starvation began to claim the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. There are reports that during the last ten years of the Dutch East India Company's rule (1795), 2,504 "Bushmen" were killed, 669 captured and 276 colonists ( Khoikhoi) slain. The last major act of defiance of a native race in southern Africa against European domination was the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. Two major events in the recent paleoenvironmental history of Central Africa might have influenced the route of the Bantu expansion (10-18).The first was a contraction at 4,000 B.P. Evidence suggests that they moved rapidly across the continent, south and east, sometime between 2000 BCE and 1000 CE. The Mfecane. The economic suffering of the German people that followed, and the rise of nationalism that this set in motion, created ideal circumstances for a merchant and banking class to attract the attention of a disposed population. It was of limited practical use to them, bearing in mind that it almost entirely comprised desert, but it was essential in the cut and thrust of competition, in particular with the British, in the race for European global expansion. The raw facts of the Irish Famine are quite simple. In its simplest terms, the Herero, a Bantu people, in one of many internecine conflicts, required German protection and did not get it. Another stream settled in the central areas of modern Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, and Zambia, initiating a complete population replacement of the native African Pygmies who previously inhabited the area. Nonetheless, in the unfathomable complexity of the Anglo-Irish relationship, there are no small number of historians who point the finger at the British government, not so much for acts of commission, but acts of omission. The Zulu style of warfare was based on finely tuned tactics, relentless discipline and brutal, close-quarters combat. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. In my view it was probably invented by people who want to claim that most of Southern Africa originally belonged to the Khoisan people, and not the Bantus, and that the Bantus are later arrivals just as the European Colonizers are later arrivals. Between 1904 and 1907, up to 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed, many in concentration camps, dying of disease and starvation. Their spread was occasioned by a phenomenon known as the Bantu Migration, or Bantu Expansion, which began in the first millennium and concluded towards the end of the 18th century. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. Another legendary state derivative of the Bantu Expansion is the Zulu Empire. As usual, the argument is one of semantics. The expansion reached South Africa, probably as early as AD 300.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Notable early kingdoms include the Kingdom of the Kongo in present day Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Bunyoro Kitara Kingdom in the Great Lakes region, the Kingdom of Mapungubwe (c.1075c.1220) in present day South Africa, and the Zambezi River, where the Monomatapa kings built the Great Zimbabwe complex. Over 14 million people were displaced along religious lines, and between 1-2 million people lost their lives. View the institutional accounts that are providing access. As is often the case with hotly debated issues, certain factoids bearing little relation to factual evidence emerge. Archaeological evidence from the separate works of Jean Hurault (1979, 1986 & 1988) and Rigobert Tuech (2000) in the region reveals that this region has been inhabited by the same culture for 5 millennia, from 3000 B.C to date. Between 1.5 and 3 million Cambodians died, or were killed by the regime. At the same time, all and any aid was prevented from entering Ukraine, which virtually ensured famine, at least on some level. Numerous similar crop failures, both in Ireland and elsewhere, had occurred at various times, but without the same catastrophic effect. fall into the classification of genocide. 7 Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa (1965), 46.Google Scholar, 8 Cf. Almost immediately, as British officials handed over, Hindus in India began attacking and killing Muslims, and in Pakistan, vice versa. I forgot which one, but it was some South African ethnic group that was slaughtered in huge numbers by the Dutch. By Ellen Rubin. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. The most famous of this race is the San, or Bushmen. In terms of sheer numbers, it is probably the Holodomor, also known as the Ukrainian Genocide of 1932-33, that racked up the greatest score. 18091. As we approach the top of the list, the Cambodian Genocide, the infamous Killing Fields of the 1790s, ranks very highly. Some historians have referred to the expansion not as migration, but a process of colonization. . The problem lay in a historical predominance of Muslims within the Indian political process. Why the Jews were targeted in particular conforms to an age-old strategy of isolating a conspicuously wealthy subculture, and placing upon it the blame for every ailment and every woe afflicting an ethnically dominant population. A minor tribe or clan was attacked and utterly obliterated, with only those able to fight or breed spared, to then be assimilated into the Zulu race. In 1884, it was agreed among European powers that all expansion into Africa would be by treaty with local, indigenous authority. What followed was an extreme Maoist, Marxist-Leninist movement in Cambodia, and an extreme, and inexplicable antipathy towards intellectuals and professionals. There Shaka revealed something much more than a simple talent for war, something, in fact, akin to genius. In many ways, it defined the British Empire. I understand if you do not want to answer this question especially since this video is white supremacy propaganda. Has data issue: true This further reinforced a popular anti-West, anti-US movement in Cambodia, on the back of which, in April 1975, Pol Pot led the Khmer Rouge to victory. At the same time, all and any aid was prevented from entering Ukraine, which virtually ensured famine, at least on some level. These deaths were distributed across all of the most populous regions of Russia, but the greatest impact was felt in Ukraine. It remains a livid international issue, however, and one upon which Turkeys entry into the European Union has traditionally been hinged. The Shum Laka people survived for at least 1,000 years in the heart of Bantu country. Initially, archaeologists believed that they could find archaeological similarities in the region's ancient cultures that the Bantu-speakers were held to have traversed. This was an Iron Age Colonization; therefore it Cannot have been earlier in time than the spread of the Iron Age in Indonesia around the first century A.D. Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840. [27] In other places, Bantu language expansion, like many other languages, has been documented with population genetic evidence to have occurred by means other than complete or predominant population replacement (e.g. Also when the Portuguese started buying slaves from Africa the Bantu Expansion was given a new boost. The death toll attributed to the Holodomor runs to between 7 million and 10 million, which dwarves anything we have looked at so far. The southward Bantu occupation of sub-Saharan Africa (south of the Sahara), started some 2,000 years ago, with the introduction of crop farming and iron age technology from Nubia which made expansion, weaponry, conquest and supremacy possible. No, it's not. . The causes of the 1932-33 famine can be attributed to nothing more complicated than state interference in production. The result was death and mayhem on truly epic proportions. Replies claiming this is white supremacist to somehow study history are just ad hominem attacks mostly. No one need ever be reminded that the greatest and least disputed incidence of genocide in modern history was the systematic exterminations of Europes Jews by the Nazi regime of Adolf Hitler. The Banyamulenge people settled there throughout history - before and during colonial rule and during Hutu rule in Rwanda. This response quickly escalated to orchestrated genocide, and was extended beyond the Herero to the neighboring Namaqua people, who were of Khoisan origin, and the San, or Bushmen as well. The Bantu Expansion was probably the biggest example of genocide 4in human history. For more than a century, historians have supported the idea of a 'Bantu Expansion' that, starting in West Africa several millennia ago, spread across the southern half of the continent. III and VII.Google Scholar, 25 For example, Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa, 110.Google Scholar, 26 Ihle, A., Das alte Knigreich Kongo (Leipzig, 1929).Google Scholar, 27 Oliver and Mathew, op. Based on dental evidence, Irish (2016) concluded that the common ancestors of Central African and Proto-Bantu peoples may have originated in the western Southern region of the Sahara, amid the Kiffian period at Gobero, and may have migrated southward, from the Sahara into various parts of central Africa (e.g. Some 6.5 million of those were Muslims migrating from India to Pakistan, and 4.7 million Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan to India. This is a man that claims to debunk history yet, all does is whine and bitch about black people in his videos. In his Twitter profile he had academic historian but doesnt have a PhD. As we approach the top of the list, the Cambodian Genocide, the infamous Killing Fields of the 1790s, ranks very highly. In all probability, however, this was genocide, because it could not have been done without the expectation that death on a mass scale would be the result. Our Bantu speaking ancestors also . Therefore, the Bantu Expansion is not a textbook example of a farming/language dispersal. Millions were killed and displaced, and it hasn't gotten much easier for them since. For example, one study found this to be the case in Bantu language speakers who are African Pygmies or are in Mozambique,[27] while another population genetic study found this to be the case in the Bantu language-speaking Lemba of Southern Africa. Control of East Africa was essential to the Allies as [], By Madison Moulton Looking out at the North Sea the body of water dividing Britain and the rest of Europe you would never suspect this hub of marine activity was once not a marine environment at all. 6 Portres, Roland, Berceaux agricoles primaires sur le continent africain, Journal of African History, III (1962), 195210;CrossRefGoogle ScholarClark, J. Desmond, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa,Google Scholaribid. The German Empire claimed the colony in 1884, as part of what was known as the Scramble for Africa. Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic. But the Bantu farmers didn't swiftly drive hunter-gatherers to oblivion. Like hes a supposedly a historian but I see no mention of him going to a university. [15] The 60,000-km2 Mambilla region straddling the borderlands here has been identified as containing remnants of "the Bantu who stayed home" as the bulk of Bantu-speakers moved away from the region. The outlines of the fourth stage can be established very largely from traditional evidence. How do you study history? No genocide to date had been based so completely on myths, on hallucinations, on abstract, nonpragmatic ideology which was then executed by very rational, pragmatic means.. The last major act of defiance of a native race in southern Africa against European domination was the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. Researchers have found ways to trace the movement of Bantu-speaking peoples that began possibly as early as 2000 BCE. Its a MYTH. In fact a small amount South African Bantu men have Khoisan specific Y-DNA (including Cushitic pastoralist Y-DNA which is significant among the Khoisan). Under the rule of both Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin, numerous document examples of unnatural mass deaths have been recorded. On Tuesday, August 14, 1947, Pakistan was proclaimed independent from Britain, and a day later, India followed suit. Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in. Bearing in mind, however, the likely ramifications of a civil war between Hindus and Muslims in India, it seemed, in the end, the only viable solution. Remaining in Africa, we now shift our attention to an episode of colonial genocide that deeply scarred the legacy of the German colonization of Africa. Murdock, G. P., Africa: Its Peoples and their Culture History (New York), 2901.Google Scholar, 10 Greenberg, J. H., Studies in African Linguistic Classification (New Haven, 1955), 40.Google Scholar, 12 Guthrie, Malcolm, Some developments in the pre-history of the Bantu languages, Journal of African History, III (1962), 27382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 13 From Mr Bernard Fagg's layer 3 at Taruga, containing iron slag and Nok figurines. Between 1782-1783, a similar crop failure occurred in Ireland, but on that occasion, the British government responded by closing all Irish ports. From Australia, we move to Africa, and a slightly different take on genocide. Linguistic analysis suggests that the expansion proceeded in two directions: the first went across or along the Northern border of the Congo forest region (towards East Africa),[6] and the second and possibly others went south along the African coast into Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Angola, or inland along the many south-to-north flowing rivers of the Congo River system. Historians believe the migration was splintered in small groups not large conquering hordes that separated and settled in new regions. To make sense of this paradox, the researchers carried out a large-scale comparison of all the ancient African DNA gathered so far, along with living people from across Africa and beyond. The ideological underpinning of all of this was simply the Maoist principle of transforming Cambodia into rural and classless society, with a population consigned to labor on collectivized farms. What followed was an extreme Maoist, Marxist-Leninist movement in Cambodia, and an extreme, and inexplicable antipathy towards intellectuals and professionals. The debate has never been so much the classification of the event as genocide, although that is, of course, debatable. The Khmer Rouge, or the Red Khmer, was a movement born out of the struggle against French colonization. At the time, the attention of the world tended to be focused on the events of WWI. the Herero and Namaqua Genocide). The Urewe culture dominated the Great Lakes region between 650BC and 550BC. The Allies, as a tactic of war, exploited traditional tensions within Ottoman territories to weaken the Empire. The text of this article was commissioned by History Guild as part of our work to improve historical literacy. Vaguely the idea was to purify the races under German control, and create thus a race-worthy of European domination. The German Empire claimed the colony in 1884, as part of what was known as the Scramble for Africa. This resulted in an attempt to systematically eliminate the large Christian Armenian minority. If you see Sign in through society site in the sign in pane within a journal: If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society. From Mr Bernard Fagg's layer 3 at Taruga, containing iron slag and Nok figurines. However, I've been told by numerous South Africans that the Khoisan have peacefully lived by Nguni peoples for thousands of years and that it is a division tactic. cit. From anti-Semitic pogroms to attacks against the Cossack minority, and numerous deportations and mass imprisonments, the history of the Soviet Union is replete with genocide. The question is rather whether Muslim nationalists were to blame for demanding a two-state solution, whether Hindu nationalists were to blame for allowing it, or whether the British were to blame for leaving India knowing that genocide was inevitable. To feed the growing industrial centers of the Soviet Union, the entire grain harvest of 1933 was confiscated, leaving local peasant populations with almost nothing to feed themselves. For a year, the Ndwandwe licked their wounds. The primary evidence for this expansion is linguistic a great many of the languages which are spoken across sub-Equatorial Africa are remarkably similar to each other, suggesting the common cultural origin of their original speakers. Recognition is not universal, however, and a number of important countries support Turkey in this issue. 10010, with the primary authorities cited on p. 176. This began its extreme animus towards the west, a sentiment reinforced by the overspill of the Vietnam War. Other unreliable ethnic groups, such as Greeks and Assyrians, were also sucked into the maelstrom, and are now subject to separate genocide classifications. These deaths were distributed across all of the most populous regions of Russia, but the greatest impact was felt in Ukraine. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. Between 1782-1783, a similar crop failure occurred in Ireland, but on that occasion, the British government responded by closing all Irish ports. The question is rather whether Muslim nationalists were to blame for demanding a two-state solution, whether Hindu nationalists were to blame for allowing it, or whether the British were to blame for leaving India knowing that genocide was inevitable. 2002). Back on more familiar territory, the Armenian Genocide, also known as the Armenian Holocaust, has long been the subject of furious denial by the Turkish government. The methods employed are by now familiar to students of genocide, and included the staples of forced labor, mass deportations, death marches, direct attack and massacre, concentration and starvation. Until the 1980s, International academic interest in the issue was limited by Soviet censorship, so at the time that it was occurring, very few people were aware of it. I actually asked r/askhistorian but they told me the YouTube channel was spreading white supremacy propaganda. Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic), as a result of desertification of the Green Sahara in 7000 BC. fall into the classification of genocide. The rough chronology established on genealogical evidence has recently been confirmed by radiocarbon dates from Bigo, the earliest site identifiable in the dynastic tradition of the region.Google Scholar, 28 Verhulpen, E., Baluba et Balubaiss (Antwerp, 1939).Google Scholar, 29 Nenquin, J., Notes on some early pottery cultures in North Katanga, Journal of African History, IV (1963), 1932.CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 30 Clark, J. Desmond, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa, Journal of African History, III (1962), 222;Google ScholarFagan, B., Southern Africa, 4851.Google Scholar, 31 Oliver, R., Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840, in R. Oliver and G. Mathew, History of East Africa, I (1963), 18091.Google Scholar.
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